Development of a Causal Model of Aggression in Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder Based on Emotional Processing and Cognitive Biases

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and test a causal model explaining aggression in children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder based on emotional processing and cognitive biases. A quantitative correlational–causal design using structural equation modeling was employed. The sample consisted of 320 children aged 8–12 years diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Tehran, selected via multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using standardized measures of emotional processing, cognitive biases, and aggression. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS, and model fit indices were evaluated. Results indicated that emotional processing had a significant direct effect on aggression (β=0.41, p<0.001) and significantly predicted cognitive biases (β=0.45, p<0.001). Cognitive biases also exerted a significant direct effect on aggression (β=0.29, p<0.001). The indirect effect of emotional processing on aggression through cognitive biases was significant (β=0.13, p<0.001). The final model explained 52% of the variance in aggression. Aggression in children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is best explained through the interaction of emotional processing deficits and cognitive biases, highlighting the need for integrated intervention approaches.