The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Psychological Distress and Self-Efficacy in Individuals Referred to Counseling Centers

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on psychological distress and self-efficacy among individuals referred to counseling centers in Tehran. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group approach. The statistical population consisted of individuals referred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2024. A total of 30 participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (15 participants in each group). Data were collected using the Kessler Psychological Distress Questionnaire (K-10) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Sherer et al. The experimental group received group-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during eight 120-minute sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings of ANCOVA indicated that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy significantly reduced psychological distress in the experimental group compared to the control group (P=0.001, F=127.35, Eta=0.56). In addition, the intervention significantly increased participants’ self-efficacy (P=0.001, F=156.69, Eta=0.65). The posttest mean scores demonstrated considerable improvement in both variables among participants in the experimental group. The findings suggest that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is an effective intervention for reducing psychological distress and enhancing self-efficacy among individuals attending counseling centers. By modifying maladaptive cognitions, improving coping strategies, and strengthening positive thinking patterns, CBT can contribute substantially to psychological well-being and mental health improvement.